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Soc 3326 Only

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• white-collar and corporate crime--criminal offense committed in pursuit of business by people and corporate mangers who are usually considered respectable and enjoy high status
  
  
• deviant subcultures--groups that develop values and norms considered outside the culture of the dominant population; examples of deviant subcultures include some musical groups, youth gangs, alternative lifestyles, and nontraditional religious communities.
  
  
• A deviant subculture may be considered "deviant" because it is involved in behavior that threatens the mainstream population or because it is labeled as deviant by the mainstream population.
  
  
• Social deviance: the order vs. the conflict perspective
  
  
• the order perspective emphasizes the failure of certain groups to internalize the necessary values and norms
  
  
• the conflict perspective emphasizes the history of subordination and injustice of the dominant social system
  
  

Social Control--

• (def.): in sociology "social control" concerns how conformity is promoted, including through the punishment of deviant behavior
  
  
• Social control through positive and negative sanctions--
  
  
• positive sanctions are rewards (from a hug to monetary rewards for exceptional performance)
  
  
• negative sanctions are punishments (from a frown to the death penalty)
  
  
• Social control through formal and informal means--
  
  
• formal social control--this includes the use of contracts or rules (often in written form); this form of control is often found in organizational settings (such as in bureaucracies)
  
  
• informal social control--this includes casual and familiar methods such as gossip, stigmas, giving someone a "cold shoulder," and ostracizing someone
  
  
• macro structures of social control
  
  
• culture
  
  
• institutions (economy, bureaucracies, the state, etc.)
  
  
• informal social control is practiced within mechanisms of formal social control ("the hidden side of bureaucracies")
  
  

General modes of social control and influence--

• charismatic
  
  
• normative
  
  
• instrumental
  
  
• coercive
  
  
• genocide
  
  
• emotional