POLITICAL SCIENCE 6312: Survey of American Institutions

and Public Policy

Spring 2001

Assoc. Professor Richard E. Matland

Office: 414 PGH Phone: 743-3911

Office Hours: Tuesday 2:00-4:00 and by Appointment

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed for students in the doctoral program in political science, although others are certainly welcome to attend. It is a core course. It serves as the introduction to public policy which is one of the subfields students can take a comprehensive examination in. The policy field deals with the outputs of politics. What are the outcomes in specific public policy areas and why do those outcomes occur? We will consider several different models of the policy process in the space of the semester. In addition, to being a study of public policy as a substantive field this course will also place a heavy emphasis on the study of institutions and in particular a "comparative institutions" perspective. A comparative institutions perspective does not necessarily mean studying an issue or policy cross-nationally, although it can be. An institutions perspective as I use it here means looking at how using different institutional arrangements to make different decisions will affect the final outcome. While a pure behavioralist model might argue that outcomes are largely determined by preferences, an institutionalist perspective states that outcomes will depend not only on preferences, but on the institutions that are used to translate preferences into outcomes. There has been an EXPLOSION of research using this institutionalist perspective although different researchers mean radically different things when they talk about an institutionalist perspective. We will consider several perspectives over the course of the semester. Finally, there is an expectation that students will learn something about the institutions of American politics. That is how Congress, the bureaucracy, the presidency, and the courts function and how they affect the outputs of the American political system.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS: In addition to regular attendance and participation, there are three major requirements. You are to write a paper, take an exam, and present the readings for one of the weeks in class. Let me describe each of these briefly.

I. The Paper. You are to write three mini-papers and then one large paper. The large paper is created by merging the three smaller papers and taking into consideration all the comments I make along the way.

A. The first of the three papers is a "Concept Paper and Literature Review" looking at a specific topic of public policy (agenda setting, policy adoption, etc.). A list of possible topics are listed on a separate handout. This should be 5-6 pages long (you can stretch it to 8-10 if you're feeling VERY inspired).1 This paper is DUE FEBRUARY 22, 2001 and it is 10% of your grade.

B. The second paper is a 5-6 page case study of some policy issue now being discussed in Washington or the states. You can rely somewhat on popular sources, but the major sources should be scholarly ones. There is LOTS of flexibility regarding possible topics you can pick just about anything, but have it approved by me first (Topics for Paper A & B are to be handed in to me by 2/12/2001). I also want at least two of the following three items included in the paper: at least one major court case in this area, one specific piece of legislation under consideration or one particular regulation of a federal agency. The reference needs to be to a specific law, regulation, or court case (not "in an important case in 1997 the Supreme Court said".. but in X v. Y ...). You'll probably need to go to the Law Library to get the cases and regs and laws. Don't worry you will survive, some lawyers even like social scientists. This paper is DUE MARCH 22nd, 2001 and is 10% of your grade.

C. The third paper you are to prepare is a "data sources and methodology" paper about how to research your topic. What, if any, sources of data are available to look at this question? Are there mass surveys that may be relevant (NORC, ICPSR)? Is there Census data or Bureau of Labour Statistics data that would help you illuminate the question being asked? Would you need to interview anyone? Who, what would your survey questionnaire look like? In short this is the research design part of a paper. You don't actually need to go out and collect the data, but you need to tell me what data you would collect if you were going to do this work and how you would get it. Again a 5-6 page double spaced paper is to be handed in April 19th, 2001 and this is also worth 10 percent of the grade.

D. As you should be able to figure out by now, your final paper is to combine the three mini-
papers you've done so far, taking into account the erudite comments you've received from your instructor. Seriously, you don't just want to renumber the three papers when you put them together, weave them together so it looks like one paper, not three separate papers. To get a good grade you will need to take into consideration the comments that I've made on your earlier papers. This final paper is going to be a research design paper to look at a specific aspect of public policy. While the final paper isn't due until the end of the semester (May10th) you need to start thinking about all parts at the beginning of the process. Pick a concept that will mesh easily with your policy. I.e. if your concept piece is about "Social Construction of Target Groups" then you're going to want to pick a policy that has an identifiable clientele such as TANF or veteran's benefits or something similar. You wouldn't want to pick Social Construction as your concept piece and then pick "across the board tax cuts" as your substantive policy.

II. The Final. The written final will between 3-5 broad questions and you will have some choice. My preference is for a 24 hour time period. Exams will be available at noon on Thursday May 3rd and are then do back to my office at noon on Friday May 4th. Actually, I'll probably let you sign in when you pick up your exam so if you can't make it up to my office until 5 pm you aren't short changed 5 hours.

III. Rapporteur assignment. Each student will serve as a rapporteur for one class session. She or he should review in a 15 minute oral presentation the major issues raised by the literature. The person should write a 4-5 page synopsis of their presentation to be handed in to the professor for a grade. Your grade will also be affected by the level of polish in the public presentation. Your paper should take pains to NOT say Author X says A, author Y says B, author Z says C. Integrate the readings into a coherent perspective. It is not necessary to refer to all of the readings, but take some subset of them describe the major points of the readings and present a critique of the readings. It is, however, necessary to take at least ONE of the recommended readings and describe it to the class.

As we discuss the research we read you will find that I have a standard litany of concerns. I will consistently be asking questions like #1) What's the theoretical argument of the author or what hypotheses is the author trying to test? #2) Do the data the author presents speak to the hypotheses he wants to talk about? #3) What data could they have used? How might they have studied this question differently?

BOOKS REQUIRED FOR PURCHASE:

Frank Baumgartner and Beth Leech (1998) Basic Interests Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Roger W. Cobb and Marc Howard Ross (1997) Cultural Strategies of Agenda Denial Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

Albert Hirschman (1970) Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Harvard University Press.

John W. Kingdon (1995) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2d. ed. New York: Harper Collins.

Kenneth Shepsle and Bonchek (1997). Analyzing Politics, Rationality, Behavior, and Institutions

New York: Norton & Co.

Paul A. Sabatier (1999) Theories of the Policy Pocess. Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1999.

E.E. Schattschneider (1960) The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston (reprinted 1975 by Harcourt Brace).

Richard K. Scher, Jon L. Mills, and John J. Hotaling (1997) Voting Rights & Democracy: The Law and Politics of Districting Chicago, ILL: Nelson -Hall Publishers.

Svein Steinmo (1993) Taxation and Democracy New Haven, CO: Yale University Press.

Aaron Wildavsky and Naomi Caiden The New Politics of the Budgetary Process. New York, NY: Longman Press. 3rd Edition.

Elinor Ostrom 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR PURCHASE:

Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Robert E. Goodin and Hans-Dieter Klingeman. 1996. A New Handbook of Political Science Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION

WEEK 2: PUBLIC POLICY AND THE STUDY OF INSTITUTIONS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

Gabriel Almond (1995) "Political Science: The Discipline" in R. Goodin and Hans Dieter Klingeman A New Handbook of Political Science.

Bo Rothstein (1995) "Political Institutions: An Overview" in R. Goodin and Hans Dieter Klingeman A New Handbook of Political Science.

Peter Hall and Rosemary C.R. Taylor (1996) "Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms". Political Studies 44: 936-957.

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen (1984) "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life" in The American Political Science Review , pp. 734-749.

Shepsle and Bonchek Analyzing Politics, Chapters 1,2 and 11.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Easton, David (1957) "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems" World Politics 383-
400.

John Chamberlin (1990) "Formal Political Theory and the Design and Evaluation of Institutions"

in John E. Jackson (ed.) Institutions in American Society: Essays in Market, Political and Social Organizations Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio (1991) "Introduction" in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Pages 1-38, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen (1989) Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York, NY: Free Press, esp. Chapters 1, 2, and 7.

WEEK 3: POLICY PROCESS MODELS OF PUBLIC POLICY AND ISSUE DEFINITION

Schattschneider, E.E.. (1957) The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston (reprinted 1975 by Harcourt Brace).

Bachrach, Peter and Morton Baratz. 1962. "The Two Faces of Power." American Political Science Review 56:947-952.

Haider Markel DP, KJ Meier (1996) "The politics of gay and lesbian rights: Expanding the scope of the conflict." Journal of Politics 58: (2) 332-349.

Paul A. Sabatier (1999) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1999.

Chapter 1. Introduction. The need for better theories / Paul A. Sabatier ;

Chapter 2. The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? where is it going? / Peter deLeon.

Matland, Richard E. 1993. "A Policy Process Perspective On The Implementation of Budgetary Reforms in Norway". Paper presented at American Political Science Association Meetings, Washington, D.C., 1993.

Kim Quaile Hill (1997) "In Search of Policy Theory" from Public Policy Newsletter. Responses from Edith Schagle and Paul Sabatier.

Weiss, Janet A. 1989. "The Powers of Problem Definition: The Case of Government Paperwork." Policy Sciences 22:97-121.

Schneider, Anne, and Helen Ingram. 1993. "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy." American Political Science Review 87: 334–47.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Rochefort, David L. and Roger Cobb. 1994. The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.

Chapter 1, 5, 8. Chapter 1 "Problem Definition: An Emerging Perspective" pp. 1-31

Chap 5 "The Paradoxes of National Antidrug Policymaking" pp. 98-116.

Chap 8 "Instrumental versus Expressive Definitions of AIDS Policymaking" pp. 159-181.

Plus remaining chapters.

Lieberman, Robert C. 1995. "Social Construction (continued)" comment on Schneider & Ingram's APSR article, American Political Science Review 89:437-441. Reply by Helen Ingram and Anne Schneider "Response to Lieberman" American Political Science Review 89:441-446.

Portz, John. 1996. "Problem Definitions and Policy Agendas: Shaping the Educational Agenda in Boston" Policy Studies Journal 24(3):371-386.

Edwards, George and B. Dan Wood (1999) "Who Influences Whom? The President, Congress, and the media" American Political Science Review 93(2): 327-344.

Flemming RB, Wood BD, Bohte J (1999) "Attention to issues in a system of separated powers: The macrodynamics of American policy agendas" Journal of Politics 61: (1) 76-108 FEB 1999

Downs, Anthony. 1972. "Up and Down with Ecology: The Issue Attention Cycle." Public Interest 28:38-50.

Riker, William H. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven: Yale University Press. Chapters 1-3, 7, 10, conclusion.

McCombs, Maxwell, and Donald Shaw. 1972. "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media." Public Opinion Quarterly 36: 176–87

Neuman, W. Russell. 1990. "The Threshold of Public Attention." Public Opinion Quarterly 54: 179–96.

WEEK 4: AGENDA SETTING

Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2d. ed. New York: Harper Collins.

Nikolaos Zahariadis "Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams" Chapter 4 in Paul A. Sabatier (1999) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1999.

Roger W. Cobb and Marc Howard Ross (eds.) Cultural Strategies of Agenda Denial Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. Chapters 1, 2, 6, and 8.

Cobb, Roger W. and Marc Howard Ross. Chapter 1: "Agenda Setting and the Denial of Agenda Access: Key Concepts" pp. 3-24.

Cobb, Roger W. and Marc Howard Ross. Chapter 2 Denying Agenda Access: Strategic Considerations"

Jackman, Jennifer L. Chapter 6 "Blue Smoke, Mirrors, and Mediators: The Symbolic Contest over RU 486".

Lopez, Cynthia M. and Michael R. Reich Chapter 8 "Agenda Denial and Water Access in Texas Colonias".

Paul A. Sabatier (1999) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1999.

Chapter 5: Punctuated-equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in American policymaking / James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner ;

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Scheberle, Denise. 1994. "Radon and Asbestos: A Study of Agenda Setting and Causal Stories." Policy Studies Journal 22(1); 74-86.

Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chapters 1-8, and 12..

March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen. 1986. " Garbage Can Models of Decision Making Organizations" in Roger Weissinger-Baylon Ambiguity and Command Marshfield, MA: Pitman Publishing.

Iyengar, Shanto, Mark D. Peters, and Donald R. Kinder. "Experimental Demonstrations of the 'Not-So-Minimal' Consequences of Television News Programs." In Donald R. Kinder and Thomas R. Palfrey (eds.) Experimental Foundations of Political Science University of Michigan Press, pp. 313-331.

Cobb, Roger W., and Charles D. Elder. 1983. Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building. 2d ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Ch. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, Epilogue

Walker, Jack L., Jr. 1977. "Setting the Agenda in the U.S. Senate: A Theory of Problem Selection." British Journal of Political Science 7: 423–45.

Rogers, Everett M. James W. Dearing and Dorine Bregman. 1993 "The Anatomy of Agenda-
Setting Research." Journal of Communication 43(2):68-84.

James W. Dearing and Everett M. Rogers. (1996) Communications Concepts 6: Agenda Setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hilgartner, Steven, and Charles Bosk. 1988. "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model". American Journal of Sociology 94: 53–78.

McCombs, Maxwell, and Jian-Hua Zhu. 1995. "Capacity, Diversity, and Volatility of the Public Agenda: Trends from 1954 to 1994." Public Opinion Quarterly 59: 495–525.

WEEK 5: POLICY ADOPTION: CONGRESS AND PUBLIC POLICY

Schepsle and Bonchek, Analyzing Politics, Chapters 5 and 12.

David P. Baron, John A. Ferejohn (1989) "Bargaining in Legislatures" The American Political Science Review, Vol. 83(4):1181-1206.

John A. Ferejohn (1986) "Logrolling in an Institutional Context" in Gerry Wright, Leroy N. Reiselbach, and Lawrence Dodd Congress and Policy Change New York: Agathon Press.

Kenneth A. Shepsle and Barry R. Weingast (1994) "Positive Theories of Congressional Institutions" Legislative Studies Quarterly 19(2):149-179.

Barry R. Weingast, William J. Marshall (1988) "The Industrial Organization of Congress; or, Why Legislatures, Like Firms, Are Not Organized as Markets" The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 96(1): 132-163.

Tim Groseclose and David C. King (2001) "Committee Theories Reconsidered" in Larry Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer, Congress Reconsidered, 7th Edition.

Jones, Bryan D., Frank R. Baumgartner, and Jeffery C. Talbert. (1993) "The Destruction of Issue Monopolies in Congress." American Political Science Review 87: 657–71.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Sarah Binder (2001) "Congress, the Executive, and the Production of Public Policy: United We Govern?" in Larry Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer, Congress Reconsidered, 7th Edition.

Miller, Warren and Donald E. Stokes (1963) "Constituency Influence in Congress" American Political Science Review 45-56.

James A. Stimson, Michael B. Mackuen, Robert S. Erikson (1995) "Dynamic Representation" American Political Science Review 89(3): 543-565.

Robert Weissberg (1978) Collective v. Diadic Representation in Congress American Political Science Review 535-547.

Keith Krehbiel, Kenneth A. Shepsle, Barry R. Weingast (1987) Why Are Congressional Committees Powerful? (in Controversies) The American Political Science Review, Vol. 81, No. 3. (Sep., 1987), pp. 929-945.

Kenneth A. Shepsle, Barry R. Weingast (1987) "The Institutional Foundations of Committee Power." The American Political Science Review 81(1): 85-104.

Fiorina, Morris P. and Charles R. Plott. (1978) "Committee Decisions under Majority Rule: An Experimental Study." The American Political Science Review 72(3):575-98.

Fiorina, Morris (1977) Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment.

Fenno, Richard F. (1979) Home Style.

David Mayhew Congress: The Electoral Connection

David Mayhew Divided We Govern.

John Kingdon Congressmen's Voting Decisions.

Larry Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer Congress Reconsidered 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th Editions.

Week 6: POLICY IMPLEMENTATION THEORY

A. Top-Down

Daniel Mazmanian and Paul Sabatier (1983) Implementation and Public Policy Glenview, ILL: Scott, Foresman, Little, Brown, Chapters 1 & 2.

B. Bottom-Up

Paul Berman. "The Study of Macro- and Micro- Implementation." Public Policy.Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 157-184 (Spring, 1978).

Richard Weatherly and Michael Lipsky. "Street-Level Bureaucrats and Institutional Innovation: Implementing Special Education Reform", Harvard Educational Review., Vol. 47, pp. 170-196, 1977.

C. Efforts to Combine Them

Paul Sabatier, (1985) "Top-Down and Bottom-up Approaches to Implementation Research: A Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis." Journal of Public Policy., Vol. 6,pp. 21-48, 1985.

Richard E. Matland (1995) "Synthesizing the Implementation Literature: The Ambiguity-Conflict Model of Policy Implementation", Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 5(2):145-174.

Malcolm Goggin and James P. Lester (1998) "Back to the Future: The Rediscovery of Implementation Studies" And various additional comments by Søren Winter, Peter deLeon, Ken Meier, and Helen Ingram.

D. Recent Case Studies

Condrey, Stephen E. and Jeffrey L. Brudney (1998) "The Americans with Disabilties Act of 1990" American Review of Public Administration 28(1): 26-42.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Metrick, Andrew and Martin L. Weitzman. (1998) "Conflicts and Choices in Biodiversity Preservation." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (Summer): 21-34

Malcolm L. Goggin, Ann O'M. Bowman, James P. Lester, and Laurence J. O'Toole, Jr. (1990) Implementation Theory and Practice: Toward a Third Generation, Chapter 2, 1990, pp. 29-41.

Steven J. Kelman (1984) "Using Implementation Research to Solve Implementation Problems: The Case of Energy Emergency Assistance." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Vol. 4(1), pp. 75-91.

Laurence J. O'Toole, Jr. (1986) "Policy Recommendations for Multi-Actor Implementation: An Assessment of the Field" Journal of Public Policy. Vol. 6, pp. 181-210.

Week 7: BUREAUCRACIES

Shepsle and Bonchek, Chapter 13.

KJ Meier (1997) "Bureaucracy and democracy: The case for more bureaucracy and less democracy." Public Administration Review 57: (3) 193-199 MAY-JUN 1997

M. Weber "Bureaucracy" in H.H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills (1946) Max Weber: Essays in Sociology Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

E.S. Quade, "Systems Analysis Techniques for Public Policy Problems" in F.Kramer, Perspectives on Public Bureaucracy, pp. 151-171.

C. Lindblom, "The Science of Muddling Through," Public Administration Review (Spring, 1959), pp. 79-88.

P.R. Schulman, "Non-Incremental Policy Making" American Political Science Review (December, 1975), pp. 1354-1370.

R. Goodin and I. Waldner (1979) "Thinking Big, Thinking Small, and not Thinking at All", Public Policy (Winter, 1979), pp. 1-24.

Hugh Heclo (1978) "Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment" in A. King (ed.), The New American Political System. Washington, D.C. American Enterprise Institute.

Terry M. Moe (1985) "Control and Feedback in Economic Regulation: The Case of the NLRB"

The American Political Science Review, 79(4): 1094-1116.

Snyder SK, Weingast BR (2000) "The American system of shared powers: The president, congress, and the NLRB." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 16: (2) 269-305 OCT 2000.

Scholz JT, Wood BD (1998) Controlling the IRS: Principals, principles, and public administration American Journal of Political Science 42: (1) 141-162 JAN 1998.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Evan J. Ringquist (1995) Political Control and Policy Impact in EPA's Office of Water Quality American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39(2): 336-363.

M. Weber, "Legitimate Authority and Bureaucracy", in Organization Theory, D.S. Pugh, Ed., 1971, pp. 15-29.

Charles T. Goodsell, The Case For Bureaucracy, 2nd edition, 1985, Chapters 1, 2 and 7, pp. 1-37,139-149.

Jeffrey S. Banks, Barry R. Weingast (1992) The Political Control of Bureaucracies under Asymmetric Information American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 2. (May, 1992), pp. 509-524.

Meier KJ, Polinard JL, Wrinkle RD (2000) Bureaucracy and organizational performance: Causality arguments about public schools American Journal of Political Science 44: (3) 590-602 JUL 2000.

Meier KJ, Wrinkle RD, Polinard JL "Representative bureaucracy and distributional equity: Addressing the hard question". Journal of Politics 61: (4) 1025-1039 NOV 1999.

Week 8: INTEREST GROUPS

Frank Baumgartner and Beth Leech (1998) Basic Interests Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Chapters 1,2, 4-9 (skim chapter 3).

Paul A. Sabatier (1999) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.

Chapter 5 "The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment" / Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith.

Schepsle & Bonchek, Analyzing Politics, Chapters 8 and 9.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Theda Skocpol, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson (2000) "A Nation of Organizers: The Instiutional Origins of Civic Volunatarism in the United States" American Political Science Review 94(3): 527-546.

Ken Kollman (1997) "Inviting Friends to Lobby: Interest Groups, Ideological Bias, and Congressional Committees" American Journal of Political Science, 41(2): 519-544.

Paul A. Sabatier, John Loomis, Catherine McCarthy (1995) "Hierarchical Controls, Professional Norms, Local Constituencies, and Budget Maximization: An Analysis of U.S. Forest Service Planning Decisions". American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, No. 1. (Feb., 1995), pp. 204-242.

Andrew McFarland (1993) Cooperative Federalism: The National Coal Policy Experiment Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.

Christopher J. Bosso (1988) Pesticides and Politics: The Life Cycle of a Public Issue Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Robert Reich (1988) The Power of Public Ideas Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Introduction, Chapters 1, 2 & 3.

Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1965), Chapter 1, pp. 5-52.

Theodore Lowi (1979) The End of Liberalism pp. 42-63.

Jack L. Walker (1983) "The Origin and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America." American Political Science Review 77:390-406.

Keith Hamm (1983) "Patterns of Influence Among Committees, Agencies, and Interest Groups." Legislative Studies Quarterly 8: 379-426.

Week 9: BUDGETS

Francis E. Lee (2000) "Senate representation and coalition building in distributive politics" American Political Science Review 94 (1): 59-72.

Bryan D. Jones, Frank R. Baumgartner, and James L. True. 1998. "Policy Punctuations: US Budget Authority 1947-1995." Journal of Politics 60:1-33.

Aaron Wildavsky and Naomi Caiden The New Politics of the Budgetary Process. Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Aaron Wildavsky and Naomi Caiden The New Politics of the Budgetary Process. Chapters 2, 4, 9, 11, 12.

Irene Rubin (2000) The Politics of the Public Budgeting: Getting and Spending: Borrowing and Balancing New Jersey, Chatham House Publishers.

"The Future of Social Security" Journal of Economic Perspectives.

David Stockman The Triumph of Politics, Chapter 12.

John Ferejohn and Keith Krehbiel (1987) The Budget Process and the Size of the Budget American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 31, No. 2. (May, 1987), pp. 296-320.

Alan Shick, The Capacity to Budget (1990).

James E. Alt and Robert C. Lowry (1994) "Divided Government, Fiscal Institutions and Budget Deficits: Evidence from the States" American Political Science Review.

Week 10: POLICY EVALUATION

Richard P. Nathan (2000) Social Scientists in Government: The Role of Policy Researchers, Chapters 1, 10, and 13.

Donald T. Campbell, "Reforms as Experiments" American Psychologist.

David Greenberg, et al. (1999) "The Social Experiment Market" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 157-172.

Martin Rein and Sheldon White (1977) "Can Policy Research Help Policy?" The Public Interest Fall.

Hank Jenkins-Smith (1990) Democratic Politics and Policy Analysis, Chapters 3.

Tom Lovelace (1998) "The Use and Misuse of Research in Educational Reform" in Brookings

Papers on Education Policy, 1998, Diane Ravitch (ed.). pp.279-317.

Evan J. Ringquist (1993) "Does Regulation Matter?: Evaluating the Effects of State Air Pollution Control Programs" Journal of Politics 55(4): 1022-1046.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Hank Jenkins-Smith (1990) Democratic Politics and Policy Analysis, Additional Chapters.

Kevin B. Smith (1997) "Explaining Variation in State-Level Homicide Rates: Does Crime Policy Pay? Journal of Politics.

L. Vernon Henderson (1996) Effects of Air Quality Regulation American Economic Review. September.

Peter De Leon (1987) "Policy Termination as a Political Phenomenon" in D.J. Palumbo The Politics of Program Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA:Sage.

Martha S. Feldman (1989) Order Without Design: Information Production and Policy Making Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

P. Sabatier and D. Mazmanian (1982) "The Delayed Takeoff of Compensatory Education: Implementing TItle I of ESEA, 1965-78", in Sabatier and Mazmanian, Implementation and Public Policy, Scott, Foresman, Co. , pp. 175-217.

David Whiteman (1985) "The Fate of Policy Analysis in Congressional Decision Making:Three Types of Use in Committees." Western Political Quarterly. Vol. 23: 294-311.

Diane Stone (1996) Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process

London, UK: Frank Cass Publishing.

Week 11: COURTS AND PUBLIC POLICY

Richard K. Scher, Jon L. Mills, and John J. Hotaling (1997) Voting Rights & Democracy: The Law and Politics of Districting Chicago, ILL: Nelson -Hall Publishers Chapters 1, 2, 3, pages 191-208, and Chapter 8.

PS Karlan (1998) "The fire next time: Reapportionment after the 2000 census." Stanford Law Review 50: (3) 731-763 FEB 1998

Ken Shepsle and Mark Bonchek, Analyzing Politics, Chapter 15.

Tracy E. George and Lee Epstein (1992) "On The Nature of Supreme Court Decision-Making" American Political Science Review 86:323-337.

Gerald N. Rosenberg (1991) The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? Chapter 1, pp. 9-36.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Shaw v. Reno 113 S. Ct. 2816 (1993)

Miller v. Johnson 115 S. Ct. 2475 (1995)

Shaw v. Hunt 116 S. Ct. 1894 (1996)

Bernard Grofman and Lisa Handley (1998) "Voting Rights in the 1990s: An Overview" in Race and Redistricting in the 1990s New York, NY: Agathon Press.

Monroe Eagles Richard S. Katz, Mark D "Controversies in political redistricting GIS, geography, and society" POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY 19: (2) 135-139 FEB 2000

John Hart Ely (1998) "Gerrymanders: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Stanford Law Review 50:607-641

Richard H. Pildes (1997) "Principled Limitation on Racial and Partisan Redistricting" Yale Law Journal 106:2505-2561

Samuel Issacharoff (1996) "The Constitutional Contours of Race and Politics The Supreme Court Review 2: 45-70.

Gerald N. Rosenberg (1991) The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? Additional chapters.

Lawrence Baum (1990) "Appelate Courts as Policy Makers" In L. Baum (1990) American Courts: Process and Policy Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Raoul Berger (1997) Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the 14th Amendment Liberty Fund Inc.

Jeffrey A. Segal and Harold J. Spaeth (1996) "The Influence of Stare Decisis on the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices American Journal of Political Science 971-1003.

Flemming RB, Bohte J, Wood BD (1997) "One voice among many: The Supreme Court's influence on attentiveness to issues in the United States, 1947-92 American Journal of Political Science 41: (4) 1224-1250.

Gregory Caldeira and John R. Wright (1988) "Organized Interests and Agenda Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court" American Political Science Review.

William N. Eskridge, Jr. and John Ferejohn "Virtual Logrolling: How The Court, Congress, and The States Multiply Rights" Southern California Law Review 69:1545-1563.

Ferejohn, John (1986) "Independent Judges, Dependent Judiciary: Explaining Judicial Independence" Southern California Law Review 72:353-384.

Week 12: Political Economy Model: Markets, Bureaucracy and Democracy

M. Friedman, "The Proper Role of Government in a Free Society", Capitalism and Freedom, (1962), Chapter 2.

Ed. Gramlich, Benefit Cost Analysis of Government Programs, Chapter 2, pp.12-27, (1981).

Shepsle, Kenneth A. and Barry R. Weingast (1984) "Political Solutions to Market Problems."

The American Political Science Review, Vol. 78, No. 2. (Jun., 1984), pp. 417-434.

Ken Shepsle and Mark Bonchek, Analyzing Politics, chapters10.

Albert Hirschhman Exit, Voice, and Loyalty.

Milton Friedman, "The Role of Government in Education", Capitalism and Freedom, Chapter 6, 85-107.

Douglas J. Lamdin and Michael Mintrom "School Choice in Theory and Practice: Taking stock and Looking Ahead" Education Economics 5(3):211-244.

Janet Weiss (1998) "Policy Theories of School Choice." Social Science Quarterly

79(3):523-532.

Richard E. Matland (1995). Exit, Voice , Loyalty, and Neglect in an Urban School System". Social Science Quarterly 76(3): 506-512.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Brian Barry (1974) "Exit, Voice, Loyalty." British Journal of Political Science 4:79-107.

Valerie J. Martinez, R. Kenneth Godwin, Frank R.Kemerer, and Laura Perna (1995) "The Consequences of School Choice: Who Leaves and Who Stays in the Inner City." Social Science Quarterly 76:485-501.

John F. Witte (1995) "Three Critical Factors in the School Choice Debate." Social Science Quarterly 76: 502-505.

Arthur Okun Equality and Efficiency. Entire book.

John Rawls A Theory of Justice, (1971) pp. 1-6, 11-21, 136-142, 60-80,83-108.

Fredrick Von Hayek, "The Price System as a Mechanism for Using Knowledge" American Economic Review (September, 1945), pp. 519-530.

Milton and Rose Friedman, "The Power of the Market", Free to Choose,(1979) Chapter 1, pp. 9-27.

Charles Schultze, The Public Use of Private Interests

Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets, Chapter 1-12.

Carole Pateman, Workplace Democracy: Chapters 1 and 2.

Henry Levin (1990) "The Theory of Choice Applied to Education" from Choice and Control in American Education.

Donald Moore (1990) "Voice and Choice in Chicago" from Choice and Control in American Education, Vol. 2.

M. Hayes Mizell (1979) "A Citizen's Introduction to Minimal Competency Testing" from Minimal Competency Testing., pp. 5-22.

Week 13: Governing the Commons

Paul A. Sabatier (1999) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1999.

Chapter 3: Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework / Elinor Ostrom ;

Elinor Ostrom 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

E.E. Savas, "Basic Characteristics of Goods and Services", Privatization:The Key to Better Government, (1987), Chapter 3, pp. 35-57.

RECOMMENDED READINGS:

Palfrey, Thomas R. 1993. "The Conflict Between Private Interests and the Common Good." In Donald R. Kinder and Thomas R. Palfrey (eds.) Experimental Foundations of Political Science University of Michigan Press, pp. 211-219.

Dawes, Robyn M., John M. Orbell, Randy T. Simmons, and Alphons J. C. van de Kragt. "Organizing Groups for Collective Action." In Donald R. Kinder and Thomas R. Palfrey (eds.) Experimental Foundations of Political Science University of Michigan Press, pp. 245-263.

van Dijk, Eric and Henk Wilke. (1995) "Coordination Rules in Asymmetric Social Dilemmas: A Comparison between Public Good Dilemmas and Resource Dilemmas." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31: 1-27.

Wilson, Rick K. and Jane Sell. 1997. "'Liar, Liar ...' Cheap Talk and Reputation in Repeated Public Goods Settings." Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (5): 695-717.

Orbell, John M., Alphons J. C. van de Kragt, and Robyn M. Dawes. 1988. "Explaining Discussion-Induced Cooperation" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 811-819.

Ostrom, E., J. M. Walker, and R. Gardner. 1992. "Covenants with and without a sword: Self-
governance is possible." American Political Science Review 86: 404-417.

Week 14: Comparative Public Policy

Paul A. Sabatier (1999) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1999.

Chapter 6: Innovation and diffusion models in policy research / Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry.

Chapter 7: The policy process and large-N comparative studies / William Blomquist.

Chapter 8: Conclusions. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes / Edella Schlager ;

Chapter 9: Fostering the development of policy theory / Paul A. Sabatier.

Svein Steinmo (1993) Taxation and Democracy Yale University Press.

Nikolaos Zahariadis (2000) "The Comparative Turn in Policy Studies" in Policy Currents 10(2): pp 3-5.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Zaharidias, Nikolas. 1995. Markets, States, and Public Policy: Privatization in Britain and France. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press

Reich, Michael R. 1991. Toxic Politics: Responding to Chemical Disasters. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth (1992) Structuring politics : historical institutionalism in comparative analysis Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press.

Francis G. Castles (1993) Families of Nations: Patterns of Public Policy in Western Democracies Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth Publishing