Shuying XiePeople Republic of China's International Broadcasting: History, Structure, Policy and Politics (December, 1992) |
| The People's Republic of China
(PRC) over the years since its birth in 1949, has invested heavily in external
radio broadcasting and today (1992) ranks third in the number of broadcasting
hours and in worldwide coverage with 38 foreign languages, four dialects
and its official language (Mandarin). Western scholarship has little to
say about the People's Republic of China broadcasting and this study provides
a contribution towards filling this major gap in scholarship. The thesis
examines Chinese radio broadcasting, especially its external services --
its history, structure, function, policies and politics -- and its response
to social change, political struggles and external pressures. The broadcasting
system of the Republic of China (ROC), located on Tawain, lies outside
the scope of this study.
The most recent data available in China was utilized in the preparation of the thesis. Data came from primary sources, such as Radio Beijing's published and unpublished documents, statistical information from government and Radio Beijing station, and personal interviews. The thesis also draws on published sources in Mandarin dealing with the history and development of Chinese radio broadcasting as well as selective monitoring and analysis of external news broadcasts in English and Mandarin. 114 p.p. |
Kohava SimhiThe Historical Development of Kol Israel as an International Broadcaster (August, 1993) |
| Broadcasting in Israel dates back
to British rule in Palestine and the creation of the Palestine Broadcasting
Service, unofficially known to Jewish settlers as Kol Jerusalem (the Voice
of Jerusalem). Operating on a small scale, the PBS's radio programs were
beamed in Hebrew, English, and Arabic. Broadcast services expanded during
World War II, and continued to grow after the war. On May 15, 1948, Kol
Israel (The Voice of Israel) was born simultaneously with the birth of
the State of Israel. In Kol Israel's first broadcast, emanating live from
Tel Aviv Museum, Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion declared the independence
of the Jewish State. From its inception, the Kol Israel remained under
the auspices of the Prime Minister's Office until l965 when the Israel
Broadcast Authority (I BA) was formed. On March 8th of that year, the Knesset,
Israel's Parliament, passed the "Broadcasting Authority Law," on the basis
of which the IBA operates. Kol Israel also broadcasts to Jews outside Israel.
Israel Radio International, originally called Kol Zion Lagolah (The Voice
of Zion to the Diaspora), was officially inaugurated in March 1950. At
first it was under the auspices of the Jewish Agency, an independent Jewish
organization, beaming programs overseas in English, French, Yiddish, and
Hebrew. In 1960 it became part of Kol Israel, at that time within the Prime
Minister's Office. In 1965, the Israeli Broadcasting Authority was established
as an independent corporation, responsible for all radio broadcasts, including
the broadcasts to the Diaspora. Kol Israel's shortwave service broadcasts
in 18 languages all around the world. These daily broadcasts include news,
information, music, feature programs, and special programs for Jewish audience.
Domestically, Kol Israel operates twenty-four hours a day on six channels,
and includes a wide range of programs on AM and FM radio.
157 p.p. |
Lubaina S. TyebjiFrom Development to Commercialism: Changing Goals of State-Owned Television In India (May, 1994) |
| This study questions the central
premises of the cultural imperialism thesis, which emphasize the negative
role of external political and economic forces and foreign media on media
systems and audiences in the Third World. Protective broadcast policies
in the Third World, which were formulated on the basis of this understanding,
have failed to serve indigenous needs.
The problem was studied by undertaking a historical/descriptive study of the changing goals of state-owned Indian television from development to commercialism. Parameters for study were drawn from the dependent development and non-Marxist approaches for studying the growth of broadcast systems in developing countries. The study found the critical premise of cultural imperialism theorists that media were a means to integrate nations into the world economy by becoming an important channel for promoting consumer goods to a middle class, holds true. It also found that economic dependency does in fact lead to creation of conditions within nations that are conducive to the development of commercial broadcasting systems. But commercialization was also the result of internal conditions, six of which are examined in the study. They were: (i) The creation of a centralized powerful state at independence to promote elitist notions of modernization and national integration. (ii) The creation of a bureaucratic-authoritarian broadcast structure in colonial India and the retention of its administrative and technical structure by the powerful state led by the Congress party at independence (ii) The expansion of the broadcast system to a primarily urban middle class audience to serve political goals and the inability of the bureaucratic infrastructure to meet important audience programming demands. (iii) The rise of the middle class as an important audience of television as well as an significant consumer of products and services and therefore prime targets of advertisers. (iv) The rise of a private national and multinational consumer industry, partly due to India's economic dependency to finance commercialization of television. (v) Existence of a commercial film industry that shaped audience expectations of television as well as provided commercial programming (vi) International satellite television penetration, which by virtue of diverting advertising revenue as well as a prime audience towards itself, accelerated the process of commercialization of national broadcast Systems. The study recognizes the need for an integrated approach to the study of broadcast systems in the third world that takes into consideration the position of a nation within world system, and also examines national political, economic, social and economic contexts as well as the history of the media itself. 158 p.p. |
Helen L. DitgefThe BBC External Services: National Priorities and the Development of Language Services 1932-1946 (December, 1994) |
| During World War II, the BBC's
overseas services gained the enviable reputation of providing a high quality
broadcasting service to audiences worldwide. Interestingly, it was earned
during a period in which the BBC, external broadcasting was used as as
an extension of Britain's overseas information and propaganda services.
The genius of the BBC during World War II lay in the ability of balancing
truthful news reporting while serving the interests of the nation. While
scholars have written extensively on the development of the BBC, none have
adequately defined the relationship between the Foreign office, the Treasury,
and the BBC's overseas services. This thesis makes a contribution towards
analyzing the inauguration and developments of the British language services
in light of changing international events and issues of control.
266 p.p. |
Livia BornigiaFrom Ente Italiana Audizioni Radiofoniche to Radio Audizioni Italia: The Political and Legal Foundations of Italian Broadcasting, 1910-1952 (August, 1995) |
| State ownership of the media was
characteristic throughout Europe. However ltaly's situation may be unique
because it is characterized by a minimum amount of change in the political
structure of the nation between the Monarchy, the Fascist state and the
post-Fascist democratic political system, which is strongly reflected in
radio and television. Therefore one cannot discuss the development of the
state owned broadcasting agency Radio Audizioni Italia ( RAI ) in Italy
as separate from the political history of the nation. This thesis systematically
documents how the development of RAI was repeatedly hindered by government
control in the years l910-1952.
191 p.p. |