Foreign Merchants

From Waalt

This page is for material relating to foreign merchants. Enter under the document year. Entries should just be pasted in series after the year.

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  • 1307 A: Thredicus Swayneman and Hertus de Herdewyk, German merchants, moored two ships on the Themse with 220 swans which were bought abroad without paying the customs due because Ralph le Puleter had declared that half of the cargo belonged to him [1] SB

1308

  • P1308 A: Yorkshire. Conraldus de Almann', merchant [2] SJ
  • P1308 B: Yorkshire. Gerardus de Olnia (?) of Lucca and Kellus de Lucca, merchants [3] SB
  • T1308 A: Andreas Boncrestien, "sursinus", and Orlandus de Parem, servant of magister Andreas le Marshal, Lombard merchants, attached to respond the king, Nicholaus Pycot and Nigel Drury, sheriffs of London, and Hildebrand de Novo Curia, a German merchant, for trespass [4], see also [5] SJ
  • T1308 B: Leyc'. Peter le Shorte, merchant of Bayonne v. Robert le Taverner of Melton. Account [6] SJ
  • M1308 A: Sussex. Maria wife of Nuti Fulberti, merchant of Florence [7] SJ
  • M1308 B: Gloucester. John Musart, merchant of Duaco [8] SJ


1309:

  • M1309 A: Hildebrand de Novo Curia (de Novele Court), German merchant. Privy seal writ to Barons of the Exchequer [9] SJ
  • M1309 B: Tydemann Clipping, defendant in debt case; one of his mainpernors is Hildebrand de Novo Curia. Jury composition: merchants & others [10] SJ
  • 1309 C: Merchants from Lombardy request half-alien jury (men from Lombardy) according to Carta Mercatoria which they produce in court [11] SJ
  • 1309 D: Henry Burgham, Hermann Cink, Wiliam le Rede, Henry Morioun, Henry Bouer, Henry le Whit, Ralph Naterdene, Henry le Juevene, German merchants, request half-German jury. King's attorney Robert of Roston objects because the complaint concerns all merchants of Germany coming to England (thus arguing that it would be impossible to get impartial German merchants onto the panel) [12]. Printed in Kunze, ed., Hanseakten aus England, p. 36. SJ

1310:

  • M1310 A: King and Hildebrand de Novo Curia, German merchant v. Philip le Despenser, called Octebon Lumbardus (Philip Octebon) Trespass. Judgment postponed because treasurer needs to be consulted and he was not in court. [13] SJ

1311:

  • M1311 A: Tydemannus le Joefne, Johannes de Paper de Guchland [Gotland], Gerewynus de Fosthous, German merchants. Trespass suit against Hugo le Blunt and Walter le Baud. Essex. Mesne process only [14] SB

1312:

  • P1312 A: King and Walter de Waldeshef chief butler to the king v. Frank de Cologne, German merchant. Trespass [15] SJ
  • M1312 A: Derby. Tidemann Swart and Siwardus his brother, executors of the testament of John Swart v. John de la Cornere. Detinue of chattels worth 12 Pounds [16] SB

1313:

  • M1313 A: John le Fruter, mercator de Amias [17]SJ
  • P1313 A: Peter le Rus, merchant of Genua v. Isabella de Fulham. Debt. By privy seal writ. [18]; v. Andrew de Londenston. Debt. By privy seal writ [19]. v. Thomas de Caysho. Debt [20] SJ

1314: H1314 A: Norwegian merchants [21] SJ

  • M1314 A: writ under the great seal in regard to a petition to king and council of Hildebrand de Nova Curia, German merchant, to king and council in regard to debt owed by magister Andreas le Mareschal, merchant (1150 marks, 6 shillings, 8 pence) [22] SJ For another case involving Hildebrand de Nova Curia see [23] [24] SJ

1315:

  • H1325 A: Gerard Nerle de Florencia, merchant [25],[26] SB

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1319:

  • T1319 A: Norff. Conredus Knyves de Almania mercator (Konrad Knyves) v. John de Poringlond, Peter Pyrmund and Thomas le Fruyter, all of Norwich, for debt (£7 15s). Mesne process only [27] SJ earlier stage H1319 in [28]SJ

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1325:

  • M1325 A: Bed'. Hildebrand Suderman de Alemannia, mercator v. Richard de Dallyng de Gykleswade, mercator, account. Mesne process. [29]; also v. Stephen Person of Ikeleton (Cant') for account [30]SJ
  • M1325 B:. Linc'. Hankinus de Brandenburgh de Alemannia, mercator executor of the testament of Henry de Brandenburgh de Alemannie, merchant v. Roger Kyng of Walesby, Richard Tousandpund, Thomas Couper and Roger Gernoun for debt of £10. Mesne process [31] SJ

1326:

  • M1326 A: Canc'. Goscalus de Ispingerode & Wigerus de Ispingerode de Almania (not identified as merchants!) v. Richard de Horsede, debt of £20. Mesne process [32] SJ
  • M1326 B: Leyc'. Gerardus Serle de Florencia v. William Brachet et al. Account. / Warr'. Gerardus Serle de Florencia, mercator v. Stephen le Tayllour de Tamworth. Account. Shopshire. Gerardus Serly de Florencia,mercator and Stpehan Gomage mercator v. Richard Agace and Willaim de Bristowe de Ludelowe, account. [33]
  • H1326 C: Linc'. Haukinus de Brandeburgh de Alemannia, merchant, executor of the testament of Henry de Brandeburgh [34] SB
  • H1326 D: Glouc'. Guido Honeste, merchant de Lucca [35], account SB

1327:

  • H1327 A: Bed'. Hildebrand Suderman v. Edmund Petyt de Bikeleswade, accounting, mesne process [36] SB

1328:

  • M1328 A: Francis de Pymont, merchant of Spain. [37]

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1330:

  • H1330 A: Ludowicus de Cologne, merchant of Almaine v Thomas son of Richard Hatheland of Fakenhamdam, merchant and Richard atte Gate, merchant, Account[38]SB
  • E1330 A: Kent. Johannes Renaud de Dynant (Dinant) de London, merchant and Nichola his wife gave 1 mark for the licence to come to settle with John Vassour, vicar of Eltham in covenant in Eltham and Boxle [39] SB
  • E1330 b: London. Reynerus Peryn, merchant de socieetate Peruch' de Florencia v. Thomas le Rowe, account, mesne process [40] SB

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1332:

  • M1332 A: Vanus Grandonis [merchant of the society of the Spini] executor of the testament of Jacob de Spineto of Florence, merchant v. Ralph Benerych of Marcheford, account, mesne process [41] SB
  • M1332 B: Bedfordshire. Hildebrand Suderman and Henry Wale de Alemannie, merchants, v. Thomas Folyet of Wrestlyngworth, debt of 2 sack wool worth 16 pounds, mesne process [42] SB

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1336:

  • M1336 A: Essex. Hildebrand Suderman v. Wiliam de Augre and William Boucher. Account [43] SB
  • M1336 B: London. Hildebrand Suderman v. Thomas Folyot de Wrastlyngworth. Account [44] SB
  • M1336 C: Linc'. Herman de Werne, German merchant v. John de Redynges senior, spicer. Account [45] and debt 21 pounds, 16s [46] SB
  • M1336 D: Linc'. Godekin de Revele, Geman mechant v. John de Redynges senior, spicer. Debt 36 pounds, 18s 6d [47] and account [48] SB
  • M1366 E: Northt'. Hildebrand Suderman v. Laurence Puletor of Allerton. Account [49] SB
  • M1336 F: Surr. Adrian de Novello, merchant of Genua v. Thomas de Hedersete, London, sherman. Account [50] SB

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1339:

  • H1339 A: London. Kellus Donasi, merchant of Lucca v. Ralph de la Marche, tailor, writ of trespass, capias returnable in octaves of the Purification.[51], sicut prius capias returnable in quindene of Easter [52] sj
  • H1339 B: Cambridgeshire. Richard de Morton v. Hildebrand Suderman, German merchant, continuation of a plea enrolled in Michaelmas term 1338 m 39d [53], Carta mercatoria c. 6 quoted and confirmation of this article by Edward III in letter dated 18 Oct. 1338 enrolled, argued that Suderman was a German merchant and that there was a fair on the day of the trespass and two days thereafter (16-18 Dec. 1336) in Great Wilbraham (6 miles east of Cambridge). Early example of half tongue jury (referred to in the case noted under E1348 B [54],[55] sj

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  • H1342 A: Presented that Henry Batville, John de Enemerche, Simon de Buttele, John Baret, Michael de Dudlyngton, John de Leveryngton, John Banseye taverner, John Galwaye, John de Bansey, John Storm, Walter de Fordham, John de Wendlyng, William Woderise, William Wade shipman, Simon de Buttele jr, John de Houton taverner, Batholomew Godalmyghtyn, and Roger de Reppes in 14 Edward III left Bishop's Lynn in a ship called The Welifare at their own cost to search ships hostile to the king and came upon the German ship called La Hulke loaded with Stockfish and oil and asked to search the ship, but killed 26 men when they refused. [56], [57], [58], [59] rcp

1343:


  • M1343 A: John de Acherico de Portmar' merchant of Florence v. John de Curtenay abbot of Tavistock. Case on a debt recognition of 200 ps. [60] rcp
  • M1343 B: Executors of Bernard Pelegrim (Giles de Ispann' and John de Tolosa with the Abbot of Westminster and Brother Robert de Hamslap co-monk of the abbot, and Roger de Medefeld & Joan his wife) sued for execution of the debt recognizance of 38 ps. made by John Haward knight to Bernard Pelegrim. [61] rcp


1344:

  • H1344 A: Yorkshire. Benjamin Skilmyn of Florence of York v. Walter Flemyng parson of Appleton in Rydale. Trespass jury summons. [62], [63] rcp
  • E1344 A: Oxfordshire. Nicholas Sperkyng de Westhamme v. Barald de Valentre de Florencia, Palmer Fraunceys de Florencia, James Fraunceys de Florencia, Joseph son of Robert Alisaun de Caldecote, John de Burgeys, and Thomas Stturdy. Trespass. No indication of merchant status. [64] rcp

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1346:

  • M1346 A: Lincolnshire. Ralph de Beke merchant of Germany v. Richard Thousandpoint of Boston jr, William de Houeden, John son of Lawrence and John son of Thomas de Boston. Trespass. [65]

1347:

  • T1347 A: Middlesex.John Flotship de Coloyne v. Henekyn de Waryngham. Whereas John had recovered before the sheriffs of London against Francis Savage servant of the society of the Bardi by a bill of trespass 100 p.s., for which Francis was committed to Newgate and afterwards Francis was sent before king's bench where he produced a quitclaim from John, so that he was mainperned by Henekyn and others, but Henekyn did not appear. [66] rcp
  • M1347 A: Hunts. Conrad de Afflen' and Ralph Beek merchants of Germany v. William Bokeston and John Binlly collectors of wool granted to the king in the town of Huntingdon. Conditions for the collection of wool against foreign merchants. [67], [68], [69]; [70], [71], [72] rcp; mentioned in case in Exchequer in Trin 1352 (here name of one of the wool collectors is John de Bully) [73]SJ

1348:

  • H1348 A: London. Hildebrand Ekholt, merchant de Almanie, Lidulphus de Drieste de Alemanie, William de Ellerker de Waynflete v. Geoffrey de Eggefeld de Waynflete, merchant, Account as receiver of money, mesne process [74] SB
  • E1348 A: London. Two cases of trespass brought by Bartholomew Corsyn, merchant of Florence, one of them against Peter Gwerner, merchant of Florence. [75], [76], [77], [78]
  • E1348 B: Warwickshire. Thomas son of Thomas de Toltham of Coventry v. Henry Hengestenbert, Herman Werke, and Haukin Hildebrandsouthermanesservant. Trespass for breaking close at Coventry and taking a horse worth 40s and other goods worth 200p.s. (grains, silver cups etc., cloths, and household utensils). Plea of not guilty. Defendants claimed a jury, half of whom would be German merchants, under a charter of 31 Edward I, which grant was used under Edward II in Chancery in a case between Adam le Clerk de Lenne and John Scotrop, Bernard Flourkyn, Tydeman de Monasterio and many others, merchants of Germany. That liberty was granted also in 12 Edward III and on the roll of Hilary term 22 Edward III, m. 69. That kind of jury was granted, but followed by successive orders to summon such a jury, seemingly without much success. [79]
  • E1348 C:Middlesex, Somerset, Wiltshire. Hildebrand Sudermann merchant of Germany v. Ditmar Clippyng merchant of Germany and John Spicenagel merchant of Germany. Account. John de Hacthorn requested a half-alien merchant jury on behalf of the German merchants [80], [81] see also entry under M1350 (A) SJ
  • M1348 A: John Mareys v. Gerkyn Wangford, Fretheric Stowe, and Rotergus Grulle, merchants of Estland. The king appointed Mareys Ulnager, and Ulnager properly appointed Thomas Goldyng of Lynn as his deputy in Boston. The defendants impeded him from doing his duty. [82]
  • M1348 B: Yorkshire.William de Acastre of York v. Tidemann Spicenale, account. Jury in respite until quindene of Michaelmas when court received a close letter dated 20 Nov. 1348, citing the relevant passage of the Carta Mercatoria (or the 1334 privilege?) and instructing the justices to order the sheriff to summon a half German merchant jury because he had returned an all-denizen panel. [83] See also the year book report [84] SJ


1349:

1350:

  • M1350 A: Lincolnshire. Hildebrand Suderman merchant of Germany & Tydeman Daleman merchant of Germany v. Ditmar Clippyng merchant of Germany, John Spicenagel merchant of Germany, and John Cromhous merchant of Germany. Trespass. [85], [86], [87], [88] rcp

1351:

  • M1351 A: Phillip de Bares, Peter Ralph de Bardes, and Nicholas Marim merchants of the society of the Bardi acknowledge receipt of debts from the Abbot of Bruern. [89] rcp

1352:

  • T1352 A: copy of Carta Mercatoria, mentioned in a note on the mid-fourteenth century copy held by the Stadtarchiv Dortmund [90][91] SJ
  • T1352 B: half-German merchant jury allowed after discussion with treasurer, chancellor, chief justice and justices from both benches. Case of Conrad de Afflen/Ralph de Beek (See M1347 A: Hunts) and other cases mentioned [92]SJ

1353:

1354:

  • P1354 A: Sutht'. Tideman de Lemberg by attorney (John de Kegworth) v. John Crulle. Trespass. Mesne process only [93] SJ
  • M1354 A: London: Willelmus Thomas de Chepyng Norton v. Petrus Burson de Lumbardia, mercator, and Eustachius Maners. Trespass. Mesne process only [94] SJ, next entry [95] SJ
  • M1354 B: Yorkshire. Tidemann Smythous, mercator Alemanie by attorney v. Robert de Elvelay, Henry de Allerton de Kyngeston super Hull, Robert de Chesterfeld and Richard del Ker de Kyngeston super Hull. Action of debt of 12 pounds resp. 11 pounds (debtor Robert de Chesterfeld). Mesne process only [96]SJ

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1356:

  • M1356 A: Lincolnshire. Isabella Thousandpond of Boston v. Haukin de Louth of Boston, Lambert de Borkyn, and Berthol de Munster merchants of Germany. Trespass breach of close and taking of goods worth 10 ps. Provision concerning inquests involving foreign merchants. [97] rcp

1357:

  • E1357 A: Hampshire. Conrad de Afflen' merchant of Germany (qui tam) v. John Wetegod mayor of Southampton and Thomas Bagg' bailiff of Southampton. Contempt and trespass. [98] rcp

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  • T1360 A: Sussex. Rex v. Hugh de Ficullys Lumbard and Robert Hughprest de Ficullys. Simon Lillyng and Robert Daunsere were the deputies of the chief taxers and assessors of the tenth and fifteenth in Sussex (Richard de Hurst, John de Weynyld, Henry de Fauconer de Muchel Grove, and Thomas de Whelton) to levy and collect from the men of Apsele; they took certain of Hugh's animals for the 40d pertaining to him and wanted to detain them until they were satisfied of that sum. Hugh and Robert fulminated excommunications against the subtaxers and subcollectors openly and notoriously in front of the church. Plea of not guilty. [99], [100], [101], [102], [103] rcp

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1362:

  • H1362 A: John de Hattefeld,marchaunt Dalmayne v. Nicholas le Hunte of Warwick, account [104] SJ
  • T1362 A: John de Brugge Fleming and others from Flanders: allegedly cooperating in illegal exportation of wool from Yorkshire. [105], [106], [107] rcp

1363:

  • M1363 A: London. Frater Galfredus de Lymona, magister hospitalis sancti Antonii in Anglie v. Nicholaus Negrebon. Trespass. Jury summoned but no indication that half alien jury was requested. KB 27/412 m 23 [108] But see KB 146/2/37/4 where a royal letter written on 30 Oct. 1363 to the KB justices is filed ordering such a jury, based on Carta Mercatoria. SJ

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  • T1380 A: Louis Gentil, Golestan Pynel, and John Scurtilon, merchants of Genoa attorneys of Lanfrak Calne merchant of Genoa: shipwreck of ship anchored at Lizard by Falmouth. [109]

1381:

  • H1381 A: Henry Scouthorp; Henry de Heth; Henry de Founteyn; and John Poke, German merchants living in London v. John Shelford; John Horne; John Maryns; John Seley; and John Fraunceys lately collectors of the tenth and half a tenth granted to the king in the last Parliament. [110]; [111]
  • M1381 A: Henry Wyman, German merchant v. John de Dymelton; Robert Byset; Richard Hornese; and William de Wilton, late collectors of the tenth and half tenth granted to the King. [112]; [113]; [114]; [115]

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  • John Gunsales, merchant of a certain ship called St Mary de Grace in Portingale ... en la Roialme de Portingale. [116]

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  • Robert de Draycot, Prior of the Hospital of Blessed Mary of Elsyngspitel, London, and John Forster, citizen and goldsmith of London, executors of William Oronge, merchant of Bordeaux v. Ralph Swan of Exeter & Anastasia lately the wife of William Londe, executors of William Londe merchant of Exeter. Debt. [117]

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  • T1397 A: judgment in favour of William Lewencamp, Hanse merchant, quashed by justices because a name of a juror was not noted on the nisi prius record (no bilingual jury) [aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT6/R2/CP40no542/aCP40no542fronts/IMG_0442.htm]SJ

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1399: E1399 A: Tideman Walden, merchant of Prussia [118] SJ

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  • M1427 A: Middlesex: Bill of Middlesex for robbery brought by Thomas Lincoln v. Godefredus Ducheman, jury half indigenis/half alienigenis (no idenification of country or region). [119] SJ
  • M1427 B: London. Franciscus Duodo of Venice, merchant v. John Harwell, citizen and fishmonger of London, debt £17 9s 5d[120] SB
  • M1427 C: London. Ertmerus Swart and Ertmerus Eytgyft, German merchants v. Thomas Moreton, Gravesende,Kent, gentleman, debt £7 12s [121] SB
  • M1427 D: Essex. Otto Doegell and Dodericus Pollick, German merchants v. John Sweting of Coggeshale, Essex, dyer, debt £ 40 [122] SB

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  • M1435: London: John Aleyn, citizen and mercer of London v. Benedict Boromeis, merchant of Florence, debt on bond (£40) [123] SJ

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  • H1453 A: London. Nicholas Johnson of Luebeck in Prussia, mariner (mesne process, capias for contempt and trespass) [124] SB

1454:

  • H1454 A: London. Bill of custody for trespass brought by Thomas Frye against Sanctus Trone, formerly of London, merchant, later identified as being an Italian merchant and therefore demanding a half-Italian jury. Sheriff returned panel which did not indicate which of the jurors were aliens which leads to a new venire facias writ being issued. [125], [126] SJ
  • H1454 B: Middlesex. Bill of custody for debt brought by Stephen Brown, alderman and grocer of London v. Andronicus Effamato,(interlined: grecum), later identified as from Greece (which Stephen could not deny) and therefore requesting a half-greek jury. Sheriff returned panel with 12 natives because he could not find any Greeks in his bailiwick, decem tales tam milites etc. de indigenis neutri parti. KB 27/789 m 29d [127] SJ

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  • T1456 A: Middlesex: Bill of Middlesex for trespass brought by Abbot of Westminster v. Andreas Effamat,later identified as from Greece. Sheriff returned an all-English jury because he could not find any Greeks in his bailiwick. Jury found Andreas guilty: KB 27/781 m 93d [128] SJ
  • T1456 B: Middlesex: Bill of custody for debt by James de Farrar', citizen and grocer of London, v. Andreas Ebomath, vintner of Westminster, later identified as from Greece, asking for a half-Greek jury [129] SJ
  • T1456 C: Middlesex: Bill of custody for debt by David Selly, merchant, v. Andreas Effamat, goldwiredrawer of Westminster, later identified as from Greece, asking for a half-Greek jury: KB 27/781 m 109 [130] Jury panel in KB 146/6/34/4 SJ
  • T1456 D: London. Thomas Walrond v. Fredericus de Noffre, of London, merchant. Trespass.[131],[132], actually an Italian merchant and as such identified on a jury panel (see KB146/6/35/1) SJ

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  • M1463 A: London: John Warendrop, German merchant v Thomas Prese, skinner of London. Debt on bond £13 2s 8d. Dies interloquendi. [133]continuation in [134] SJ
  • M1463 B: London: John Warendrop, German merchant v John Arnold, letherseller of London. Debt £13 2s 8d. Dies interloquendi [135]continuation, jury found for Warendrop [136][137] SJ
  • M1463 C: Southampton: John Payn, citizen of Southampton v. Philip Cyny, merchant of Venice. Debt [138][139] SJ

1464:

  • H1464 A: Midd. John Salmer & John Loire, merchants of Dinant in Almaigne v. Richard Boscawen & John Mitchell jun., merchants, debt. Mesne process only [140]SJ
  • H1464 B: Midd. Henry Nederhose, German merchant v Hugo Clyderbowe, Kingston-upon-Themse, merchant. Debt. Mesne process only [141] SJ
  • P1464 A: London. Bartholomeus Shiatis, merchant of Lucca, v William Erle, Westmourne, Sussex, DEBT £10. Mesne process only [142] SJ
  • P1464 B: London. Hennyng Groter, Harman Sworte, Folmer Noppensteth, Reginals Hese, Diricus Saltwedyr, Hansa Theutonica allemanie mercatores v. Richard Sutton, formerly of Boston, merchant et al. Debt, mesne process only [143]SJ

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  • T1476 A: Vacat entry (no explanation given). Hermann Stale, beer brewer of London as defendant, no identification as an alien and request for half-alien jury was made, but sheriff nevertheless instructed to summon a half-tongue jury (de lingua de theotonica): KB 27/860 m 26 [144] SJ

1477:

  • M1477 A: London. Frank van der Burgh v. William Grey. Bill of custody for detinue. Frank identified himself as being an alien, born in Cologne and requesting (and getting) a half-tongue jury (de lingua sua). KB 27/865 m 100 [145] SJ

1478:

  • P1478 A: Middlesex. Stephen Eburton v. John de Salvo, merchant of Genua. Bill of custody for debt. John identified himself as being an alien and born in Genua, requesting a half-alien jury according to the statute (of 1354. Venire facias for a half-tongue jury (... lingue Januensis). KB 27/876 m 72 [146],[147] SJ

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  • M1489 A. Surrey. Robert Bradshawe v. Franciscus Savage, Laurencius Lomelyn and Franciscus Cateyn, all formerly of London, merchants. Breaking of close. Half-Genuese jury requested with reference to statute of 1354 but later found that venire facias was issued in error. New venire facias issued to summon half-Italian jury: CP40/910 m 456, continued in CP40/914 mm 252-252d, the latter refered to in Baker, Oxford History of the Laws of England, p. 354n32 with wrong membrane number [148][149][150] [151][152] SJ

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  • E1530 A: Error. Common pleas (17 Henry VIII). Debt. Jasper de Ponte and Bernard Gavetto administrators of James de Ponte merchant of Genoa and Thomas Parker and Mary his wife coadministrator and late the widow of James de Ponte v. Peter Eggecombe of Stonehouse, Devon, knight and Katherine his wife coadministrator of Janetta ap Thomas de Carmarden in the March of Wales widow late the wife of Rise ap Thomas knight of the goods and chattels that were of Gryffyth ap Rise knight. [153] rcp
  • E1530 B: London. William Mounslowe citizen and mercer of London v. Casanus Spynula merchant of Genoa. Debt of 5 p.s. [154] rcp
  • E1530 C: London. Christopher Carcano merchant of Milan v. Cazanus Spinula merchant of Genoa. Debt of 5 p.s. 6s6d. [155] rcp
  • M1530 A: London. Martin de Guynea merchant of Spain v. Walter Webe citizen and grocer of London. Debt for 10 p.s. [156] rcp
  • M1530 B: London. Diego de Arbieto merchant of Spain v. Walter Webbe citizen and grocer of London. Debt for 19 p.s. [157] rcp

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