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YEAR I
SEMESTER II
CELLULAR LIFE SCIENCES II
PHAR 4401
Course Description:
A study of human immunology as it relates to normal body function,
disease states, and drug therapy.
Prerequisite:
PHAR 4400, Cellular Life Sciences I
Course Proficiencies:
In order to explain and discuss basic fundamentals of immunology
so as to provide the basis for understanding the pathophysiology
of immune diseases and to provide a rationale for the pharmacological
and immunological management of immune diseases the student will
be able to:
- Describe the origin, function, and significance
of the cells of the immune system including stem
cells, myeloid cells and lymphoid cells.
- Explain the function and significance of
phagocytic cells, killing mechanisms of phagocytic cells, the
R.E.S. system and the mechanisms of leukocyte margination and
diapedesis including the role of chemotactic stimuli, F-actin,
and adhesion molecules in the responses.
- Describe the function and significance
of auxiliary myeloid cells (platelets, mast cells) and
their role in allergic reactions and inflammation including
bronchial hyperactivity reactions.
- Define the function of the complement proteins
system in humoral defense including their role and mechanisms
of action in adherence reactions (opsonization), chemotaxis,
mast cell degranulation and cytolysis in complement-mediated
acute allergic/inflammatory responses.
- Describe the function and significance
of primary lymphoid tissue (thymus and bone marrow); origin
of B-cells and T-cells; the concept acquired immunological memory,
memory cells and effector cells; secondary lymphoid tissue (spleen,
lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, MALT, Peyer’s patch of the intestine);
and sites of antigen presentation to lymphoid cells.
- Define and differentiate between immunogens
and antigens, haptens and immunogens, carrier molecules and
antigens.
- Explain the function and significance of
MHC antigens (Class I MHC, Class II MHC), antigen presenting
cells, mechanisms of antigen and MHC interactions, function
of the major cytokines and the specificity of acquired immunity.
- Define the function and significance of
T lymphocytes (Tc cells, Th cells, Ts cells) in defense
against intracellular invaders, role of assessory molecules
in T cell activation, mechanisms of antigen specific activation
and clonal expansion of T lymphocytes, and the mechanisms of
antigen independent activation of T cells.
- Describe and differentiate between the
mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity provided by cytotoxic T
cells, NK cells, ADCC, extracellular killing by phagocytic cells
and eosinophils.
- Define the cellular basis and describe
the mechanisms of antigen specific activation of B-lymphocytes,
mechanism(s) of clonal expansion of B lymphocytes, the functions
of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE, the mechanisms
of activation of B cells by T-dependent antigens, and the
mechanisms of activation of B
cells by T-independent antigens.
- Describe and explain the function and significance
of the primary response to antigen challenge versus the
secondary response to antigen challenge, the role of adjuvants
in antibody production and the immunological basis of vaccinations
and protection against specific microbial invaders by the process
of vaccination.
- Describe the mechanisms of antibody protection
against microbial invaders (antigen specific humoral immunity)
including the mechanisms of complement activation, mast cell
degranulation, enhancement of cell medicated cytotoxicity (ADCC),
neutralization reactions and facilitation of phagocytosis.
- Compare and contrast between the sites
and mechanisms of action of utilized for the treatment of pain
including the opioid receptor antagonists, acetaminophen and
the NSAIDs.
- Distinguish between the five different
classes of NSAIDs in terms of solubility, distribution, metabolism
and side-effects.
- Discuss the origin of migraine and cluster
agents and describe the site and mechanism of action of the
5-HT agonists and the cerebral vasoconstrictors.
- Compare and contrast between the site and
mechanism of action, indications and side-effects of agents
utilized to treat gout including colchicine, NSAIDs, uricosuric
agents and xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
- Compare and contrast between the sites
and mechanism of action, salient chemical features and metabolism
of mast cell stabilizers, beta-2 agonists, anticholinergics,
leukotriene inhibitors, xanthines and steroidal anti-inflammatory
agents utilized for the treatment of asthma and COPD.
- Describe the chemical classes and the effects
of various chemical substituents on the prototype molecule of
the H-1 receptor antagonists.
- Discuss information that should be relayed
to patients on the proper use of oral and nasal steroids.
- Discuss the side-effects, indications,
contraindications, drug interactions and necessary information
that should be relayed to patients regarding antihistamines,
decongestants, theophylline, corticosteroids, beta-2 agonists
and ipratropium for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma
and COPD.
- Compare and contrast between the sites
and mechanism of action, salient chemical features, metabolism
and side-effects of agents utilized for the treatments of allergic
rhinitis including sedating and non-sedating antihistamines
and mast cell inhibitors.
- Compare and contrast between the sites
and mechanism of action, physical and chemical properties and
metabolism of the cytoprotective agents, chemical complexing
agents, H-2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors
utilized for the treatment of GI disorders.
- Discuss the side-effects, indications,
contraindications, drug interactions and necessary information
that should be relayed to patients regarding the cytoprotective
agents, H-2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors
utilized for the treatment of GI disorders.
- Describe which drug treatments may be utilized
for the treatment of H.pylori.
- Discuss the drugs that are utilized for
the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in terms
of mechanism of action and potential side-effects.
- Describe the mechanism and therapeutic
use of the major cytokines/ monoclonal antibodies used as therapeutic
agents.
- Describe the basic immune mechanism of
the most prevalent immune diseases (hypersensitivity reactions,
graft rejection reactions, immunodeficiency diseases, and cancer),
the rationale of immune or pharmacological approaches to the
management of immune disease, and the mechanism of action of
immunopharmcological agents used in the treatment of these diseases.
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