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Cullen College of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Note: Nonengineering majors may not register for engineering courses except with the written permission of the dean.

Courses: Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)

6111: Graduate Seminar
Cr. 1. (1-0). May be repeated for credit.

6127: Power Transmission and Distribution Laboratory
Cr. 1. (1-0). Prerequisite: Graduate standing and ECE 2100 and credit for or conscurrent enrollment in ECE 6377. Real and reactive power, power flow and voltage regulation, parallel lines and transformers, series and parallel network compensation, phase shift transformers, protection.

6198:6298:6398:6498:6598: Research
Cr. 1-5. Prerequisite: Approval of Chair.

6301: Sensor Design and Applications
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Consent of Instructor. Design, analysis and application of sensors used to measure physical quantities such as flow, level, temperature, pressure and density.

6302: Introduction to NeuroEngineering
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Graduate standing or consent of Instructor. Single neurons, principles of perception and movement, learning and memory, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, chemical stimulation, functional neuroanatomy.

6304: Visual System: Physiology, Computation, and Methods
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Graduate standing and consent of Instructor. Introduction to neuro-physiology and systematic overview of visual system: eye, retinal structure and function, retino-geniculo-cortical and cortico-cortical pathways, computational models of retinal and cortical processing, techniques for measuring neuronal activity.

6309: Microlithography for Micro-and Nano-system Manufacturing
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Graduate standing and/or consent of the instructor. Fundamental principles of microlithography: resolution limits, resist exposure and development, and modeling; electron-beam, imprint, x-ray, and ion-beam lithography.

6310: Robotics: Models, Controls, and Sensors
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4375 or equivalent. The kinematics and dynamic modeling of robots as well as the development of algorithms for feedback control. Methods for force-torque sensing and robot vision will be presented.

6312: Fundamentals of Ferromagnetic Materials and Devices
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: graduate standing and/or consent of instructor. Magnetic materials, magnetic anisotropy, magnetostriction, magnetic domain structures, magnetization reversal, micromagnetics. Major ferromagnetic devices and systems including magnetic data storage, magnetic random access memory, magnetic logic, magnetic sesors.

6313: Neural Networks
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Generalization of single-cell models to networks; network dynamics; feed-forward and recurrent additive, shunting equations; short-term memory; long-term memory; Hebbian and non-Hebbian learning rules; associative and competitive learning; adaptive resonance theory.

6314: Design and Fabrication of Nanoscale Devices
Cr. 3. (3-0). Fundamentals of nanoscale science and engineering. Effects of nanoscale phenomena on device scaling; technological advantages and challenges. Design, fabrication, etrology, and device integration at nanoscale.

6315: Neural Computation
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Graduate standing and consent of instructor. Feed-forward neural networks; supervised and unsupervised learning radial basis neural networks; feedback neural networks; Boltzmann machine; recurrent back propagation; self-organizing feature maps; learning vector quantization; fuzzy learning vector quantization; applications of neural networks.

6316: Computational and Biological Vision
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Retinal structure and function, computational models of retinal processing, retino-geniculo-cortical and cortico-cortical pathways, computational bases of information processing in the visual system.

6320: Knowledge-Based Systems in Electrical Engineering
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Graduate standing in electrical engineering. Knowledge engineering, design of expert systems, LISP, frame-based and rule-based systems; survey of applications in electrical engineering; design project in an electrical engineering area.

6321: Principles of Internetworking
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: graduate standing and consent of instructor. Local area networks, Internet Protocol addressing, routing protocols, Transport Control Protocol flow, congestion and error control, Domain Name System, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, and Network Address Translation. Selected applications.

6322: Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: graduate standing, ECE 6337, credit for or concurrent enrollment in ECE 6331. Multi-user communication channels, spreading sequences, convolutional codes, wireless communication fading channels and diversity reception.

6323: Optical Fiber Communications
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Devices and systems in optical fiber communications: fiber dispersion and attenuation, fiber solitons, photodiodes, fiber amplifiers, SONET/SDH transport systems, and present and future multi-wavelength networks.

6324: Digital Telephony
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4371 or consent of instructor. Voice communications as well as application and operational aspects of digital communication systems design. Specifics treated are voice digitization, digital transmission, digital switching, network synchronization, network control, network analysis, and communications networks design.

6325: State-Space Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4375 or consent of instructor. State-space modeling, matrix algebra, system response, coordinate transformation, stability, controllability, observability, realization, state-feedback design, observer, nonlinear system, Lyapunov functions, optimal control.

6328: CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Graduate standing and consent of Instructor. The analysis and desgn of CMOS analog integrated circuits at the transistor level, single-stage and multistage amplifiers, differential pairs, current source biasing circuits, current mirrors, and operational amplifier circuits design.

6331: Advanced Telecommunications
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4371 and ECE 6337 or consent of instructor. Random signals and wide, baseband data transmission, error analysis of additive white Gaussian noise channels, intersymbol interference, multipath interference, fading, signal-space concepts, and optimal receiver design.

6332: Wireless Telecommunication Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6331. Theory of data communications, GPS systems, spread-spectrum systems, HDTV systems, RF and microwave devices in communication systems.

6333: Signal Detection and Estimation Theory
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6337 or consent of instructor. Elements of hypothesis testing, signal detection in discrete time, elements of parameter estimation, elements of signal estimation.

6335: Digital Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4375. Analysis and synthesis of digital control systems: z-transform; pulse transfer functions; discrete-time response; frequency domain analysis; stability; root locus; frequency domain concepts; parameter identification; state-space modeling; sampled-data system; time-delayed system; hybrid controller design.

6336: Advanced Microprocessor Systems
Cr. 3. (3-1). Prerequisite: ECE 4436 or consent of instructor. An introduction to the architecture and design of interfaces between microcomputers and peripheral devices. Required projects provide the students with realistic problems in the development of interfaces.

6337: Introduction to Stochastic Processes
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: INDE 2333 or equivalent. Probability spaces, random variables, distributions, functions of random variables, conditioning, limit concepts, sampling, correlations and power spectral analysis, linear estimation, orthogonal projections.

6338: Topics in Optical and Ultrasonic Imaging
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6330 and consent of instructor. Diffraction theory, Fourier optics, optical image acquisition, principles of ultrasonic imaging, ultrasonic image acquisition, imaging systems applications.

6340: Intermediate Electromagnetic Waves
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 3317. Maxwell’s equations, properties of matter, transmission lines, waveguides, plane waves, radiation from antennas, duality, image methods, equivalence principle, reciprocity, radiation from sources in layered media.

6341: Advanced Electromagnetic Waves
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6340. Vector potentials, cylindrical wave functions, spherical wave functions, asymptotic methods, spectral-domain methods for layered media, radiation and scattering from periodic structures.

6342: Digital Signal Processing
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 3366. Sampling theory, use of the DFT/FFT, design of FIR and IIR digital filters, quantization and finite word length effects, and digital signal processing hardware.

6345: Microstrip Antennas
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6340. Introduction to microstrip antennas, overview of basic properties, CAD formulas, transmission-line model, cavity model, equivalent-circuit model, spectral-domain analysis, mutual coupling, segmentation methods.

6346: VLSI Design
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 3456 or ECE 3457, or graduate standing and/or consent of instructor. Integrated circuit design using computer aided design methods; MOS, GaAs and bipolar techniques, standard cells, digital subcircuit and memory layout and design.

6347: Advanced Topics in MOS Devices
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4339 or equivalent, or consent of instructor. Physics of MOS devices including the MOS capacitor and applications; long-channel MOSFET theory; MOSFET scaling and short-channel effects; hot carriers and reliability; SOI MOSFETs and CMOS; MOS memory; novel devices.

6348: Optoelectronics and photonics: principles and applications
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Graduate standing or consent of instructor. Introduction to the principles of optics and modern photonics/optoelectronics. Fundamental technologies including lasers, detectors, photonic devices, components and systems, and applications in communication, computer, and consumer electronics.

6349: Applied Solid State Theory
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 4339 or consent of instructor. Physics of solids including energy band theory, carrier transport, point defects, and optical properties. The course will make use of basic principles of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics in an engineering context.

6350: Numerical Solution Methods in Electromagnetics
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6340 or consent of instructor. Formulation and numerical solution of integral equations for scattering and radiation by thin wires, two- and three-dimensional conducting structures, bodies of revolution, dielectric bodies.

6351: Microwave Engineering
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Transmission lines; wave guides; micro-strip circuits; microwave circuit theory; scattering matrices; impedance transformers; passive microwave devices; resonators; microwave tubes; solid state active devices.

6352: Antenna Engineering
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Antenna concepts: linear, aperture, and wire antennas; printed- circuit radiators; frequency-independent antennas; measurement techniques.

6353: RF and Microwave Electronics
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Fundamentals of RF and microwave electronic circuit design, matching networks, small-signal and large-signal transistor amplifier design, noise, broadband techniques, oscillator design, high-frequency circuit simulation.

6354: Digital Video
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite:Graduate standing. Concepts, theory, and applications of digital video compression. Sampling and quantization, data compression, adaptive coding, BMP and JPEG image standards, H.261 video-conferenceing, MPEG codecs, mathematical animation techniques.

6355: Introduction to Well-Logging Techniques
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 3317 or GEOL 4330 or PHYS 4321. Logging tools discussed include electrical resistivity, induction, acoustic, dielectric, natural gamma ray, neutron density, pulse neutron, NMR, and diameter. Various production tools are discussed along with well-log data transmission, processing, and recording.

6356: Electronic Circuit Design
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 3456. Design of linear integrated circuits. Op-amp design and modeling. AC and DC op-amp parameters and their effects on designs. Electronics noise sources and their control. Design and simulation (using CCI-CAP and SPICE programs) of differential amplifiers, active filters, oscillators, and other linear and nonlinear circuits using linear integrated circuits.

6358: Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Applications Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: graduate standing and consent of instructor. Undergraduate equivalent of ECE 3455, ECE 3317, ECE 4339, and PHY 3312 or PHY 3316. Introduction to the principles of optics and modern optoelectronics/photonics. Fundamental technologies including lasers, detectors, photonic devices, components and system, and system applications in communication, computer, and consumer electronics.

6360: Geometrical Theory of Diffraction
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6340 and ECE 6382. Geometrical theory of diffraction, modern geometrical optics, differential geometry, vector ray theory, high frequency antenna and scattering applications.

6364: Digital Image Processing
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6342. The nature of images; visual effects; acquisition of images; sampling, quantization, and two-dimensional linear processing; image enhancement and restoration; image coding; texture analysis; tomography.

6367: Computer Architecture and Design
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 3441 and ECE 4436. Computer arithmetic and ALU design; instruction sets; CPU design; pipelining; memory hierarchy; I/O systems; system organization; performance evaluation.

6368: Industrial Power System Analysis
Cr.3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Industrial power system architecture and composition; voltage classes; voltage unbalance and deviation, and effects on equipment; power flow; voltage control and power factor improvement; fault analysis; control equipment for motors and generators; motor starting.

6369: Electrical Power Regulations And Standards
Cr.3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Regulations and practices for design, maintenance requirements, and special equipment; National Electric Code applied in the industrial environment; standards and norms for induction and synchronous motors, generators, transformers, cables, switchgears and breakers; domestic and international standards for equipment and systems; state professional registration (not for Ph.D. credit).

6370: Advanced Digital Design
Cr. 3. (3-1). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Design fundamentals and techniques using ASIC development and synthesis tools and FPGAs. Design of control units, arithmetic and logic units, memory and I/O subsystems and cache.

6371: Hardware Design and Analysis I
Cr. 3. (3-1). Prerequisite: ECE 3441 and ECE 3455 or consent of instructor and graduate standing. State-of-the-art hardware-based system design and analysis techniques.

6372: Hardware Design and Analysis II
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6371 or consent of instructor. Advanced analysis and design of complex hardware-based systems and algorithms.

6373: Advanced Computer Architecture
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4436 and ECE 5440 or consent of instructor. Parallel processing and multi-operation machine organizations (multiprocessors, multifunction, pipeline and array machines). In-depth study of control units, processors, and memories.

6375: Measurement and Analysis Techniques in Stochastic Processes
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6337 or MATH 6382 and MATH 6383; ECE 6342. Random time series; measurement of statistical parameters and related errors; analog and digital correlation and power spectrum computations; coherence and transfer function computations; complex demodulation; cepstrum and optimum filtering techniques for the extraction of signals from noise; general linear models of random time series; random data reduction techniques.

6376: Digital Pattern Recognition
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6337. Adaptive techniques for classifying patterns, Bayesian decision theory, parametric and nonparametric techniques, supervised and unsupervised estimation, feature selection, and clustering.

6377: Power Transmission And Distribution
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Graduate standing, and co-registration in ECE 6127. Power transmission and distribution network architecture and composition; load curves; symmetrical components; parameters and equivalent circuits in symmetrical components for overhead and underground lines, transformers, generators and loads; substations; industrial networks; network steady-state analysis; faults; protection systems; switching equipment; voltage and power static control; surge voltages and protection. A term project will be required.

6378: Power System Analysis
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 4363 or equivalent. Power system architecture and composition; network matrices; power flow; economic operation; voltage and frequency control; fault analysis; voltage and angle stability. A term project will be required.

6379: Advanced Power System Analysis
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6378. Sparse matrix techniques; short circuit studies with computer; diakoptics; numerical solutions to the load-flow problem; economic dispatch.

6380: Power Electronics And Electric Drives
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Power electronics; power semiconductor switches; converters and inverters; DC, induction and synchronous motor drives; industrial applications; harmonics and filtering.

6381: Industrial Substations And Switching Equipment
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6368 or ECE 6378. Industrial substation configuration and composition; cable and busway system design, installation, protection and testing; switching apparatus fundamentals, types, design, operation, protection; substation planning, design, construction, automation, operation (not for Ph.D. credit).

6382: Engineering Analysis I
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Analytical methods applied to electrical engineering problems; solution techniques involving complex variables, conformal mapping, residue calculus, asymptotic evaluation of integrals; solution of boundary-value problems by separation of variables and transform techniques; special functions.

6383: Engineering Analysis II
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Numerical techniques for solving engineering problems involving ordinary and partial differential and difference equations.

6385: Analog Input/Output Design
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 3456 or equivalent or consent of instructor. Design and applications of precision linear and nonlinear IC devices for analog signal acquisition, processing, filtering, and conversion.

6386: Power System Transients, Harmonics And Grounding
Cr.3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6368 or ECE 6378. Switching transients and overvoltages: causes, effects, modelling, measurement; capacitor switching; harmonics: sources, characteristics, effects, filters; surge nature, insulation characteristics; system neutrals; arresters, grounding, static lightning protection; insulation coordination.

6387: Topics in Communication Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6331, ECE 6337, ECE 6342 or consent of instructor. May be repeated for credit when topics vary. Modern communication techniques, fiber optics communication, spread-spectrum methods, frequency hopping, error-efficient coding, information theory, problems in angle modulation, nonlinear modulation theory, radar and sonar signal processing.

6389: Industrial Power System Management
Cr.3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6368 or ECE 6378. Planning: scope, requirements, component cost, cost estimation; reliability: fundamentals, equipment data, probability methods; interruption cost and economic analysis; maintenance, preventive measures; emergency and standby power, supply and stored energy systems; energy and load management, energy saving, conservation, cogeneration (not for Ph.D. credit).

6390: Linear Multivariable Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6325 or consent of instructor. Multivariable systems modeling, similarity transformations, stability, structure theory, realization theory, state estimators and state feedback designs.

6392: Internship I
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Prior approval required from Director of Graduate Studies. Practical training in an industrial environment.

6393: Special Projects I
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Prior approval required from Director of Graduate Studies. Supervised research/development.

6394: Control System Component Design
Cr. 3 (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 4375 or consent of instructor. Analysis and design of control system components; transfer function descriptions and determination of criteria for specifying and designing components of given control systems.

6395: Industrial Power Monitoring And Control
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6368 or ECE 6378. Monitoring and control system architecture, design options, modes of communication, equipment and installation cost; multifunctional microprocessor based systems; control integration, monitoring and protection systems (not for Ph.D. credit).

6396: Advanced Topics in Biomedical Engineering
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. May be repeated for credit when topics vary. Cardiovascular dynamics, electrocardiology, electromyography, neurophysiology, modeling, medical imaging, prosthetic devices, clinical assist and monitoring systems.

6397: Intelligent Sensing System Engineering
Cr. 3. (3-0). May be repeated for credit.

6399-7399: Master's Thesis
Cr. 3 per semester.

6466: Integrated Circuit Engineering
Cr. 4. (3-3). Prerequisite: ECE 4339. Design, fabrication and testing of integrated circuits. An individual research project is required.

7331: Nonlinear and Time-Varying Feedback Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6325 or consent of instructor. Classical and state-space analysis.

7332: Design of Statistical Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6325 and ECE 6335 or consent of instructor. Synthesis of optimal stationary and time-varying linear control systems based upon random signal characteristics and statistical performance criteria. Adaptive control systems.

7333: Optimal Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6325 and ECE 6335 or consent of instructor. Parameter optimization; linear quadratic regulator; computational methods; calculus of variations; optimal tracking control; discrete-time optimal control; dynamic programming; inverse-optimal control; optimal regional-pole assignment; frequency-domain optimization.

7334: Advanced Digital Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6325 and ECE 6335 or consent of instructor. Modeling of multi-rate, multi-variable sampled-data systems; balanced realization; stability; digital redesign; hybrid control; on-line control; self-tuning control; computational delays; computational algorithms.

7335: Robust Control Systems
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6390 and ECE 7333 or consent of instructor. Internal stability; minimal realization; plant uncertainty; robust stability; robust performance; model-matching problems; state-space approach; H control of sampled-data systems.

7337: Industrial Power System Protection
Cr.3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6368 or ECE 6378. Protection tasks, requirements, principles, components; instrument transformers; protective systems: transformers, feeders, generators, motors, prime-movers, buses, switchgears, cables, transfer devices, busways, UPS, service supply lines and utility interties protection schemes; components, operation, faults, testing, maintenance, calibration.

7342: Advanced Topics in Signal Processing
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6342, ECE 6337 and consent of instructor. Survey of current research topics in signal processing, including topics of adaptive filters, spectral estimation, and multichannel signal processing.

7349: Advanced Topics in Microelectronics
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6466 and consent of instructor. Current research issues in the design, fabrication, testing and reliability of integrated circuits.

7364: Image Reconstruction and Medical Imaging
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6364. Reconstruction algorithms: backprojection, convolution, Fourier transform, ART, optimization methods, and true 3D reconstruction; image reconstruction from incomplete projections; 3D medical imaging and other applications; data acquisition and reconstruction methods in CT, PET, SPECT, Ultrasound, and MRI.

7366: Advanced Process Integration for VLSI
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisites: ECE 6466 or equivalent and consent of instructor. Process integration for application in VLSI and ULSI circuits; advantages and limitations of NMOS, CMOS, Bipolar and Bicmos technologies; process and device simulators.

7370: Parallel Computer Architecture
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 5367 (or equivalent), ECE 6373 and/or consent of the instructor. Design concepts for parallel architectures; parallel models and applications; system issues; routing modes; static network properties; packet routing; switch design; coherency; synchronization; consistency issues and case studies.

7373: Advanced Topics in Computer Architecture
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6373. Vector and array processing and their application in engineering problems.

7381: Power System Control and Stability
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: ECE 6378. Development of physically-based dynamic models for synchronous machines, boilers, turbines, governors, and loads; excitation systems; the automatic generation control problem; system stability studies; interconnected system operation.

7392: Internship II
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Prior approval required from Director of Graduate Studies. Practical training in an industrial environment.

7393: Special Projects II
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Prior approval required from Director of Graduate Studies. Supervised research/ development.

7396: Advanced Topics in Electromagnetic Waves
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. May be repeated for credit. Topics from the following: antenna theory, guided wave propagation, scattering theory, computer aided design, electromagnetic theory, microstrip circuits and antennas, high frequency methods, millimeter waves.

7397: Selected Topics
Cr. 3. (3-0). May be repeated for credit.

8198:8298:8398:8498:8598: Doctoral Research
Cr. 1-5. Prerequisite: Approval of advisor.

8311: Organized Graduate Research Discussions (also Cive, Inde, Mece)
Cr. 3. (3-0). Prerequisite: Doctoral standing. Group research discussions with the intent of broadening the education and background of the student by exposure to the related research activities in his/her field.

8399:8699:8999: Doctoral Dissertation
Cr. 3; 6; 9 per semester.